Sources of Measurement Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources of Measurement Error - Essay Example Essentially, this combining of theoretical with empirical, permits as well as justifies the use of measurement, and stringent observance of these rules, allows for better and more accurate methods for describing behaviors or in making predictions. These take on their specific meanings through the following and now widely used scales of measurement, namely, nominal ordinal, interval, and ratio. Classifications, which by using a system of numbers, find common consent among scientists. Here then, consensus must come over how these numbers represent different agreed-to values, in order to sensibly group, sort, or differentiate between data. These numbers are ordered: that is, 'one number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number'.i Differences connecting numbers create what is called distance between them, allowing for a scale of measurement, for example, by agreement that zero stands as the origin number, we might simply assign numbers to the above quotation. Thus, it is possible to state clearly and unambiguously that the number value one is less than the number value two, and the number value three is more than the number value two. One factor of abstract models, is their use in designing and performing studies that measure real-world variables

Healthcare Technology Essay Example for Free

Healthcare Technology Essay In such a short period of time we have seen the healthcare industry go from paper tracking to technological tracking. We continue to see healthcare care drastically each year. The article I am reviewing is an article put out by Forbes in the beginning of 2013. Even though we have seen the many transformations when it comes to technology and healthcare, this article touches on five, which I will talk about more here shortly. It is an amazing idea that potentially five years from now that we could be totally paperless in the healthcare world. Four years ago the IT departments of healthcare had a mere $343 million invested considering the potential of what was to come (Forbes, Lee 2013). Since then venture capitalists have tripled their investments into the health care IT and sunk $955 million (Forbes, Lee 2013). The article expresses that the federal government is even going to be sinking some major money into hospitals and medical offices to digitize health care. It all comes to a very good point mentioned in the article. â€Å"All of these VCs are now starting to put money into the space. And as we start getting some big wins, we’re going to see this accelerate,† said Aza Raskin, cofounder of Massive Health — a startup developing a mobile app to encourage healthier eating and other health-related tools — in an interview with Fast Company. â€Å"The smartest minds of our generation shouldn’t be working on getting us more addicted to Facebook or Twitter; they should be working on helpi ng us get — and stay — healthy† (Forbes, Lee 2013). What would people think when they are told that a machine helped their doctor figure out their diagnosis and the best possible treatment for them? Most will think it is absolute craziness, right? Funny that is brought up because researchers with the IBM corporation are currently developing a state of the art computer system that will take a doctors data and come up with the best possible outcome of a diagnosis would be for the patient. They are calling this major technological advancement Watson, and known to the medical field as Dr. Watson (Forbes, Lee 2013). This machine will be able to not only help assess the projected diagnosis of a patient, but also to keep tabs on a patients history, and allow the doctors to keep up with the latest and greatest abilities to treat patients. How often have we all been at work and have had to deal with someone that spoke a language we were unable to understand or speak for that matter? In the medical field it is  hard to track down one person i n a hospital that can speak Cantonese, Russian, German, Japanese, or many other languages that are less frequented in our day to day lives. Well, welcome Omnifluent Health! This product was developed by the Science Applications International Corporation, or the SAIC, to help with translation process in the healthcare field (Forbes, Lee 2013). This is a huge step considering doctors could just whip out there cell phones and ask a question into the microphone and get a quick translation. We would be able to break the language barrier between patients and healthcare workers. We have so many social media sites on the web now a days. Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Twitter, G Plus, and many others. That is how we stay connected to friends and family. Now physicians have a â€Å"physicians only† media site that will allow them to contact one another in regards to taking better care of their patients. It is called Doximity (Forbes, Lee 2013). The funding for the project is at $27 million currently (Forbes, Lee 2013). I hate to have to sit in an ER for hours on end in the middle of the night to be seen for a rapid asthma onset, or with a child running a high fever and vomiting just to be told that there are over the counter remedies available at the 24 hour big box retail giant less than 10 miles away. It would be nice to be able to pop into a chat, or call where I can talk to a healthcare professional about what is going on and have a response without having to get out of a comforting place, like home, and sit for hours in a cold ER waiting room. There is now a system that gives patients the opportunity to have a medical consultation via phone or online. It is a startup company out of New York City called Sherpaa (Forbes, Le e 2013). If you were to type in â€Å"diet apps† in your Google Play Store tons of apps would pop up that are there to help you count calories, track weight loss, track exercise time and calories burned, and so on and so forth. One that the article talks about it Fitbit. It is a pedometer that tracks the sleeping patterns and activities of a person (Forbes, Lee 2013). Another one it talks about is Lark. Lark is a silent alarm clock and sleep monitor that tracks and analyzes the quality of sleep a person gets over time (Forbes, Lee 2013). In this day of technological advances there is no surprise at the countless ones that are in place in regards to the health care industry. With the amount of change from paper charting to digitized charting methods, egg timers on when med  pass is compared to computer pop ups, from easy access to patients meds to secured sign in procedures to acquire the meds, and from sitting in a waiting room for countless hours on end to picking up your phone and making a quick call is all proof that it has been time for a change in medical technology for a long time now. We are entering a new time for health care and to some, it is the era of Health 2.0 (Forbes, Lee 2013) References Lee, Ellen (2013). 5 Ways Technology Is Transforming Health Care. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bmoharrisbank/2013/01/24/5-ways-technology-is-transforming-health-care/

The Dream of Oenghus :: essays research papers

The Dream of Oenghus The Celtic myth, "The Dream of Oenghus," relates the tale of Oenghus the Celtic god of love and his long search for true love. Oenghus is the son of Boann and Daghdhae. Boann the white cow goddess, and Daghdhae the father of all gods, the "good god." In a dream Oenghus sees "the loveliest figure in Ireland†¦" His memory of this vision makes him ill with loneliness and he begins to waste away. With the help of his mother, and another of his fathers' sons, Bodhbh, he begins his search for the girl he dreamt of. When, after years, he successfully completes his search the lovers' travels to Bruigh Mac, his home. Chronologically and geographically distant, Apuleius second century record of the original Greek myth of Cupid and Psyche also relates a story of amorous pursuit. In Apuleius account Psyche is the most beautiful of all mortals. "The fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth†¦Ã…’and men? would even say that Venus herself could not equal this mortal." Out of jealousy, Venus commands Cupid to make Psyche fall in love with "the vilest and most despicable creature in the whole world." However, dispatched on his errand Cupid is astonished by her beauty and "as if he had shot one of his arrows into his own heart" falls completely in love with her. Cupid dumbfounded by the love he suddenly feels carries Psyche off. Although Psyche is never able to gaze on Cupid she is confident of the love her unseen paramour expresses in the dark each night. Eventually, prompted by her unbelieving and somewhat envious sisters she lights a lamp and discovers that her lover is Cupid. Unfortunately, Cupid hurt by both the oil sputtering from the lamp and her faithlessness fees. Psyche deeply grieved by her lack of faith and subsequent loss of love pledges to search for Cupid forever. "I can spend the rest of my life searching for him. If he has no more love left for me, at least I can show him how much I love him." Eventually after many trials and tribulations, largely at the inspiration of the still jealous Venus, she is reunited with Cupid and comes to live the live of the immortals. These myths share a common fundamental theme. In both instances, the myths document a love between a mortal and a god. Moreover, both of the courtship's involve long periods of separation, difficult and desperate journeys in pursuit of the beloved, and deep ongoing uncertainty as to the ultimate outcome of the fat of the lovers. Clearly, it is not unreasonable to contend

The Breast Cancer Information Gap :: essays research papers

This article is about the risks of breast implants and breast cancer. The author believes that people making decisions to have breast reconstruction need to be well informed before they make the choice. The risks of breast implants include pain, breakage, leakage, and links to many other diseases. There are two types of breast implants. There are saline and silicone. Both of them have outer silicone shells but one is filled with saline and the other silicone. The FDA didn't look at the hazards of breast implants until 1991. They realized that leakage of silicone could be harmful and insisted on restricting the use of silicone implants. In 1999, there were versions of saline implants that were approved by the FDA to be "safe" Silicone breast implants are said to feel more natural, yet the saline implants are safer in case of rupture. It is not really known that saline implants have their fair share of risks. Seventy percent of patients will experience at least one of the fol lowing four problems: pain, hardness, infection, or rupture within the first 3 years of the surgery. The most common problem is Capsular Contracture. This occurs in thirty-five percent of women who get either saline or silicone implants. In a Capsular Contracture the scar tissue tightens around the implant causing the breast to be hard, misshapen, and painful. All breast implants are going to eventually break anytime between three months and ten-fifteen years. Twenty-five percent of women with implants have them removed within three years following the surgery due to leakage or breakage. When a saline implant breaks, the saline leaks out really fast. The saline is absorbed by the body and the deflated implant will need to be surgically removed. On the other hand, when a silicone implant ruptures it is a bit more of a mess. Silicone tends to be sticky, so it can be hard to impossible to completely remove all of it. When an implant breaks, there could be pain, bumps, tenderness, tingling, and even numbness in her breasts. Sometimes, there can be what is called "silent rupture" where the gel slowly migrates to other parts of the body.

Corporal Images

First and foremost, it is of dire importance to draw a distinction between appearing to be ethical and actually using ethical considerations. There has been an attempt by several corporations to appear to be ethical. In these instances there has only been an effort to reach an immediate goal of prosperity. Of course this will work in the short run but in a sophisticated society â€Å"fake† will not survive. With the advances in technology and the increase of information, we as a community are becoming better informed. It is only a matter of searching and gathering the facts to make the decisive decision of proceeding with a certain company. In current times the line dividing truly ethical considerations and appearing to be ethical are becoming much easier to distinguish but in several cases are still unclear. In practice ethical considerations lead to a decrease in friction within the public domain. In other words, less conflict will arise between private individuals and corporations when ethical behavior is being be experienced. For corporations, social conflict takes place when behavior is seen as wrongful or unethical but in actuality is perfectly legal. Many times this leads to calls for boycotts from churches or other organizations. Whether the public demonstrates in front of the gates, charitable organizations set up wailing walls, or the media uses pressure through critical reporting, this will mean a definite loss in social recognition of the company in question. Kathy Lee Gifford fell victim to the media a couple years ago when her clothing company was caught abusing child labor laws in factories abroad. Whether this leads to a fall in the share price or there is a measurable loss in sales are of secondary importance. Criticism â€Å"from the outside† generally means that the management role is taken up with defensive activity and therefore not free for the shaping of the future. In the Kathy Lee Gifford case and as in many other cases, the issue faded and disappeared with time. Many economist have said that the most intelligent corporations forbid dealings that could provoke negative social reactions. On the other hand , there is steady increase in evidence that shows a corporation's â€Å"image† can become a competitive advantage when used as a tool of propaganda. This method of approach can in some circumstances be used to gain market advantages as it did for a local fast food chain in California. Jack in the Box was convicted of not entirely cooking their hamburgers which in turn was infecting children with salmonella poisoning. Due to the conviction and the attention from the media, the fast food restaurant was put under strict regulation. In other words, the new enforcement of regulation was a safeguard against the consumption of salmonella. Many individuals saw this as a benefit and as a result wanted to eat at Jack in the Box. This can be a positive market advantage where a corporation gains the attention from negative issue but can in the long run gain a larger market. Another example practiced in the Unites States, is where a number of companies that are not only environmentally exemplary but go beyond the minimum legal requirements. Other costs can arise through conflict with one's employees. The fact that a company is the focus of public criticism can have disastrous results for morale and job satisfaction within a corporation. In the long-term, this can lead to valuable employees looking for other work and leaving the corporation. This can be a detriment when a business is trying to establish itself as reliable As employees are a corporation's most valuable â€Å"capital†, this alone is reason enough why unethical conduct cannot lie in a corporation's interests. Various studies have shown a positive correlation between ethical conduct in a corporation and job satisfaction. Where top management is seen as giving strong support for ethical consideration, job satisfaction increase together with the degree of employee identification with the corporation. Everything points to the conclusion that a positive reciprocal relationship exists between â€Å"job satisfaction† and â€Å"ethical conduct†. The ethical considerations of a corporations play a role in the entirety of value systems, thought and decision patterns, methods of behavior, and structures within a corporation that often emanates a feeling of togetherness and thus boosts motivation to work. The role of the corporation within the community can also reinforce an employees behavior. A business that has been plagued with a negative reputation or considered to be â€Å"unethical† within the neighborhood could lower the morale of its employees. On the other hand, behavior that prompts customers to buy and motivates investors to purchase shares is looked upon with pleasure and pride can also reinforce employees' positive identification. A great example of this can be recognized in San Diego, California. Qualcomm in recent years has become one of the most prominent and successful companies among customers and its community. Not only does this corporation hold a large majority of San Diego employment but it also holds the name of the stadium. Its reputation within the city has given the employees a sense of pride for whom they are working. What Jakob Burckhardt formulated for individuals can also be applied to corporations: they are not just what they are, but also what hey have set themselves as ideals. Even if they do not emulate these to their capacity, a part of their being is marked by the mere fact of wanting to. There are a number of indications that show corporations whose practice ethical conduct are considered as more attractive employers than those which have been publicly criticized due to failure to recognize their responsibilities to the welfare of the community and the environment. A poll taken from Business Week revealed that 88% regard â€Å"work satisfaction†, 67% a â€Å"good working atmosphere†, and 66% a â€Å"job that makes sense† as important criterion in choosing an employer. These are all factors which can hardly be true of companies where Green peace demonstrates in front of the factory gates or churches call for a boycott. Corporations are now no longer measured on what hey produce, but on what they present. The strength of many trends can instantly change at the blink of an eye, especially when the labor market spreads hopelessness for those seeking a career. But an increasing number of individuals, whether as employees or consumers, are taking ethical viewpoints more seriously that 10 or 20 years ago. The next question we should ask ourselves is, why has this happened. Why are we as a society increasing our ethical considerations with corporations? One answer that was stated before is with the increase of information, we as a society are becoming more knowledgeable of our decisions. We are enabling ourselves to make more â€Å"ethical† decisions based on the whims of a corporation. Many of those with responsibility in corporations are complaining about an increase in an already too thick jungle of laws, stipulations, and directives. Commercial freedom, the complaint goes on, can no longer exist within the ever narrower thread of state regulations – too many rules endanger the economic success. There is a great deal of evidence that such complaints have set forth the idea that â€Å"less state† can have an enlivening effect on corporate commitment. Freedom is, however, always an ethical duty and may thus be demanded on only as a correlate of responsibility. Anyone who wishes to help avoid further criticism and correct inappropriate behavior must offer legitimate proof of ethically responsible conduct. Back to the example of fast-food restaurant, Jack in the Box, in order to continue serving the public they were required to prove they cooking their meats to full capacity. They had to provide evidence of corrected demeanor as well as compensation. Ethically responsible corporate dealings mean dealings beyond the status quo, active shaping, and forward-looking ethical balance. Minimal will not do in a society whose wants and needs are infinite. A corporation must not only meet but exceed regulations. Whoever maintains a running battle on current law to defend positions that might have been based on a regulations many years ago but which are now regarded as â€Å"wrongful† and will be even more so in the future, is not being business like but negligent. Such companies that support those social forces will demand tighter controls and more state intervention. Innovation, efficiency, effectiveness, the ability to utilize market potential optimally, recognize the signs of the times, and the art of saving costs and expense in the right place at the right time will continue to be of great importance alongside all the other corporate virtues. However, an additional element will gain in significance: business ethics. It will become more and more a new, solid basis for competitive ability, breaching the limits of classical markets. The more wealthy a society is, the more significant non-material values become. Corporations that act in a visibly ethical way will be preferred by informed consumers more and more. This will become a problem for those corporations that ignore moral aspects, and for other it will be an opportunity to get to the very top.

In the film Romeo and Juliet Essays

In the film Romeo and Juliet Essays In the film Romeo and Juliet Essay In the film Romeo and Juliet Essay In the film Romeo and Juliet, we see Shakespeares talents captured amazingly by Luhrmann, he takes the original and re-reveals it to enable the people of today to experience the romance for themselves in the style of a modern film. This film targets a wide audience; Lurhmann cleverly allows variety of different themes to widen his variety of different people. He provides a continuos supply of intensity for anyone experiencing it. The people of the modern world can easily adapt to this, in all its aspects of love, conflict, tragedy, and romance. The film echoes recognisable genres, but to make it more conventional to the modern audience he brings, action scenes, modern music, and it blends in with Shakespeares world.Firstly Lurhmann introduces where the film is set, this introduction comes across very powerful and dramatic which emphasises what is later to come. We are now informed of where the film is set, as setting creates the atmosphere and plays a crucial part in the film itself. What better place than fair Verona the country of such Romance but also existing conflict between the two gangs. This reinforces Romeos life, as we know its full both of love and hatred. We are intrigued to this film because of its strong message conveyed at the opening scene, the quick bold images that appear on the screen have such effect. Lurhmanns cleverly done this purposely to receive and capture our full attention, also to increase our eager minds wanting to watch the film.The ballroom scene is one of the most important scenes, as this is where Romeo and Juliets eyes met and the falling of love took place. Lurhmann cleverly uses costume to reflect the individuality of each character. We can see this technique being used for example Romeo and Juliets simplicity of their costumes; they reflect the garishness of the party. Romeo is wearing sliver armour, dressed as a knight we have the perception of Romeo being heroic, and owns loyal, honourable characteristics. Juliets outfit is a simple plain white gown with angel wings that signify her innocence. The white symbolises her purity and even a subtle reference to imminent death. Lord Capulet is dressed as a well-known powerful leader; he is a Tyrant rule with aggression and violence. This character is very much like Lord Capulets, a dominating figure and extremely aggressive. Lady capulets figure is also the well known Cleopatra, lady capulet relates to this character, as her characteristics are very similar to Cleopatras, a self obsessed woman very egotistical and only interested on keeping up her appearances. Tybalts costume creates excellent contrast with the remaining guests at the party, as his costume contains red devil horns, red glitter obviously a conflict maker this differs to the purity of the capulets. This threatening personality contrast with the good perception we have of the hero Romeo.Another scene, which seems very significant, is the way Romeo and Juliet meet. Its a private scene therefor e it seems very meaningful and comes across as a very strong message about the danger for these star-crossed lovers to be together. Use of silence between the two main characters conveys the struggle to come when trying to disguise their relationship in fear of their lives. Also use of cinematography helps Lurhmann to create this intensity and determines the importance of their painful, unacceptable love. He creates this effect by use of close ups indicating clearly their feelings for one another, these close shots reinforce the emotional intensity they share between eachother. We are constantly reminded about the barriers in Romeo and Juliets relationship with use of the fish tank separating them from physical contact.Finally to end this scene we see their own simple world contrasted with rest of the party, good camera work is used here to reinforce the brash, loud, vibrant location, compared to their world of love and romance.Lurhmann cleverly uses camera shot skills throughout th e film, which helps show true feeling within different individuals involved in the scene. He shows how this works when he manipulates camera shots to reinforce fine detail of the atmosphere between characters. For example when Juliet defies her father, here Lurhmann introduces our; the audiences feelings, we have sympathy for Juliet as her father is aggressive with her. We feel for Juliet at this stage, as we are able to see her fear of her fathers violence is being acted upon her. There is a sense of victimisation here, and the viewer picks up on it almost immediately, this emphasises our intimidation of Lord Capulet, as he continues to threaten Juliet. Jerky shots help this scene portray the violent, aggressive Father Juliet has. Instantly we see how fearful Juliet is of this man, Lurhmann cleverly uses camera shots to enhance this fear and also makes the camera go on Juliets side. With shots often used looking up to Lord Capulets face, and at times the camera pans out to leave us with the shot of Lord Capulet overpowering Juliet this helps showing the relationship between them.Good visual imagery is used later on to show the audience more characteristics about Juliet, we see Juliet in her room by herself. This scene seems peaceful, soft, placid, and reinforces that angel like image we have of Juliet. We see colours surrounding her mostly blue and White this suggests that just like the Virgin Mary Juliet also shares the same qualities of purity, religion, and innocence. We can clearly see from this scene that Juliet is not embarrassed of who she is, her wealth and religious values.Luhrmann introduces mise en scene to us in the next important scene. This has a great impact from the way that the scene is portrayed to the viewer. We have a better understanding thanks to the props and arrangement of actors. The scene is set on Verona beach, at the start of this scene we dont suspect the action, which is quick to come. This is because the scene starts off with a relaxed laid back atmosphere, and then our understanding is influenced by havoc turning up; the Capulets. Everything kicks off and we understand whats going on because of Lurhmanns clever technique to capture our full attention so our understanding of the story is clear. A fight breaks out and takes place on a stage on Verona beach. At first this seems out of place, but Luhrmann has purposely done this to evoke our curiosity, it reminds us of the original Lurhmann goes back to the basics to blend in this clever idea with Shakespeares world. We immediately relate to this because of our common knowledge of the original being set as a play on a stage. Straight after this a storm breaks out this is significant because we know how fiendish they feel towards each other. The atmosphere of wind and rain reinforces the conflict to come between the two families.Lurhmanns editing is sophisticated. He tries out putting different scenes and images together rather than having one scene. This rein forces the plot using different sequences not necessarily in chronological. An excellent example used by Lurhmann of montage is when Friar Lawrences feelings are conveyed. This is the scene where he reacts dramatically to the planned marriage. There are a number of images we see that symbolise what Friar Lawrence is feeling, we see a scared heart which bursts into a firework, this tells us that he knows there is a love between Romeo and Juliet, but also knows of a danger. The wired fence we see reminds the audience of the separation between the two lovers. Lurhmann cleverly uses a white dove to symbolise purity and Juliet. He focuses on both montages; the capulets shaking hands reflects friendship. This entire well put together images gives us a range of ideas about Friars decision and his discomfort about the marriage. We can see that montage expresses many feelings that characters can not say or act out, so this is an excellent way of expressing them.A powerful tool used creating background conversation, voices, and special effects is sound. Lurhmann cleverly manipulates sound in each scene to enhance mood and atmosphere. Sound is essential to target his wide audience. An example of sound being used well is when Romeo and Juliet first meet and a love song is sung in the background, this reinforces atmosphere of romance and emphasises the deep love between the two.Lurhmanns film was highly successful and a massive break out for all romance, comedy and tragedy lovers. He successfully reached his ambitions. The main reason Baz Lurhmann decided to go ahead and make the film was to retell what Shakespeare had already done years and years ago and release a fantastic romance to todays modern audience. We adapted so well to this new film because it reflected the fact of an all rounded film, and we can also relate to the inspiration Lurhamnn once felt in the making of the film. I have many opinions about the film but to conclude my perception of this brilliant releas ed version, I would say that hes reached his ultimate goal of recapturing Shakespeares qualities and the magic of this film. He should be proud of letting his audience experience something with such deep meaning and such a powerful message to todays modern world.

History of Police Essay Example

History of Police Essay Example History of Police Paper History of Police Paper History of Police History of Police The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is built from the U. S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of those changes. As new issues in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based on the British model. Law enforcement was not organized until 1200 A. D. offenders were pursued by an organized posse. If offenders were caught they were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely did they have trials and instead of innocent until proven guilty it was the other way around, citizens were usually guilty before any evidence or testimony. â€Å"An early form of police patrol in English cities and towns† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153), is called a night watch. The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thieves. Next became the day watch their job was the same as night watch, but in the day. Followed by the Statute of Winchester which is a â€Å"law, written in 1285, that created a watch and ward system in English cities and towns and that codified early police practices† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153). This law had four main components, which were specified the watch in towns, mandated eligible men to serve, institutionalized the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty citizens kept weapons in their homes. A former prime minister of England Sir Robert Peel formed the world first modern police force. His model, the new police became a model for police across the world to follow. He formed the police with more of a military attitude; given them uniforms and a better organized structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American police are based on today. New technology and social reform for policing happened in the twentieth century. This brought about the first woman police officer. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios was also developed, which helped police officers in a major way. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve bigger areas. Radios allowed better communication between police officers. Telephones allowed better communication between officers and civilians. Teddy Roosevelt help promote the first call box system, which is compared to the 911 system used today; also he helped organize the FBI, one of the most famous government agencies. The history of policing is divided into four periods. The political era (1840s-1930) was the first, police agencies were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians. The second era (1930s-1970s) police were more concerned with solving traditional crimes. Today the third period is used in contemporary policing, which deal with community policing. Last is the homeland security era, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. All levels of law enforcement agencies have devoted more time and effort for homeland security after the attack. A variety of police agencies to enforce the law is created by local, state, and federal law enforcement. Federal law enforcement agency is â€Å"A U. S government agency or office whose primary functional responsibility is to enforce federal criminal laws† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 161). The FBI is one of the most famous in federal law enforcement, but federal law has many agencies in several departments that deal with issues with America. The FBI has changed over time, dealing with current issues in American history. Once they protected Americans from organized crime, the FBI protected against international espionage, and defended American civil rights when those issues were the most important at the time. Today the FBI focuses on homeland security after the September 11, 2001 attack. â€Å"The Mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats; to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States; and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 162). State law enforcement agencies were created for specific needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with patrol state highways. The second model creates two separate agencies and makes a clear distinction between traffic enforcement and other state level functions. The duties of the modern state police agencies are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate identification bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up their role in homeland security since September 11, 2011. They are more involved in training, looking for suspicions vehicles on highways, communicating with the federal and local police to fight terrorist attacks The third level of law enforcement agencies are at the local level. City and county agencies are part of the local level, which includes police chiefs and sheriffs. Mayors or city council appoints the city police chief. Their jurisdictions are limited to the boundary of their communities. Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play a big role in the new era of homeland security. â€Å"They must help prevent attacks and respond when attacks occur, offering critical evacuation, emergency medical, and security functions to help stabilize communities following an incident† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 203). Local police are important when dealing with homeland security because they are always talking and interacting with the public. Police are constantly patrolling neighborhoods, so they can notice certain changes that could harm the community. With each generation Americans have advanced in technology, experience, and knowledge. Police benefit from historical development, police continue to change and grow as the world does the same. Police have changed over the years but police will not change their main goal, which is to protect and serve the public. Police are very important to American society in all levels local, state, and federal each with an individual purpose, but the goal is justice for all citizens. Law enforcement main focus will always change because when one crime is deterred and under control another crime may be America biggest threat. Some of American issues were organized crimes, civil rights, but since September 11, 2001 homeland security has been the focus of our law enforcements to make sure citizens are protected. This will be accomplished by new laws, technology, and a team effort including civilians, which will add on to the history of our brave men and women. Reference Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed. ). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. 2007. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions. GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies: A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Polic ing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163. doi:10. 1350/pojo. 2010. 83. 2. 490

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Known also as the Simpson-Mazzoli Act for its legislative sponsors, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 was passed by Congress as an attempt to control illegal immigration into the United States. The legislation passed the U.S. Senate on a 63-24 vote and the House 238-173 in October 1986. President Reagan signed it into law shortly after on Nov. 6. The federal law had provisions that restricted the hiring of illegal immigrants in the workplace and also allowed illegal immigrants already in the country to stay here legally and avoid deportation. Among them: Requiring employers to stipulate that their employees had legal immigration status.Making it illegal for an employer to knowingly hire an illegal immigrant.Creating a guest worker plan for certain seasonal agricultural workers.Increasing enforcement personnel on the U.S. borders.Legalizing the illegal immigrants who entered the country before Jan. 1, 1982 and had been U.S. residents continuously since then, in exchange for back taxes, fines and admission of entering the country illegally. Rep. Romano Mazzoli, D-Ken., and Sen. Alan Simpson, R-Wyo., sponsored the bill in Congress and steered its passage. â€Å"Future generations of Americans will be thankful for our efforts to humanely regain control of our borders and thereby preserve the value of one of the most sacred possessions of our people: American citizenship,† Reagan said upon signing the bill into law. Why Was the 1986 Reform Act a Failure? The president couldnt have been much more mistaken. People on all sides of the immigration argument agree that the 1986 Reform Act was a failure: it didnt keep illegal workers out of the workplace, it didn’t deal with at least 2 million undocumented immigrants who ignored the law or were ineligible to come forward, and most of all, it didnt stop the flow of illegal immigrants into the country. On the contrary, most conservative analysts, among them members of the Tea Party, say that the 1986 law is an example of how amnesty provisions for illegal immigrants encourage more of them to come. Even Simpson and Mazzoli have said, years later, that the law didnt do what they hoped it would. Within 20 years, the number of illegal immigrants living in the United States had at least doubled. Instead of curbing abuses in the workplace, the law actually enabled them. Researchers found that some employers engaged in discriminatory profiling and stopped hiring people who looked like immigrants – Hispanics, Latinos, Asians – to avoid any potential penalties under the law. Other companies enlisted subcontractors as a way to insulate themselves from hiring illegal immigrant workers. The companies then could blame the middlemen for abuses and violations. One of the failings in the bill was not getting wider participation. The law didnt deal with all the illegal immigrants already in the country and didnt reach out more effectively to those who were eligible. Because the law had the Jan. 1982 cutoff date, tens of thousands of undocumented residents were not covered. Thousands of others who might have participated were unaware of the law. In the end, only about 3 million illegal immigrants participated and became legal residents. The failings of the 1986 law were often cited by critics of comprehensive immigration reform during the 2012 election campaign and the congressional negotiations in 2013. Opponents of the reform plan charge that it contains another amnesty provision by granting illegal immigrants a path to citizenship and is sure to encourage more illegal immigrants to come here, just as its predecessor did a quarter-century ago.

With reference to Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, discuss the Essay

With reference to Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, discuss the Romantics active and complex involvement with gender - Essay Example It was during this era when the essence of a woman revolved on bearing and rearing children. History will tell us that women then were deprived of basic rights. To illustrate such vision, women were denied of formal education and prohibited to exercise the right to suffrage. They stood behind the shadows of great men who ruled society during that time. Branded as man’s attendant and helper, women were treated as second-rate citizens. Thus, women of the 19th century were nominated with only two roles to portray, either submissive companions of their husbands or industrious housewives and caring mothers to their children. These are the only cherished triumphs of the women who lived in that period. In 1972, British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft authored a book entitled   â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects.† She was one of the first highly acclaimed authors on feminist philosophy. â€Å"In this book, she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but only appear to be for lack of education. She suggests that men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason† (Wollstonecraft). She emphasized the importance of women in society because they bear children, rear and educate them to become good citizens of society. â€Å"Women should not only be regarded as objects that are to be traded in marriage, but must be accorded the same fundamental rights as men because men and women are co-equals. Wollstonecraft insisted that all political authority should rest on the grounds of reason and justice alone, she demanded that every person be entitled to enjoy and dispense the fruits of his and her own labors, that inequality of rank be eliminated† (Mellor 32). The social restrictions of women in the 18th Century became one of main subjects illustrated in Jane Austen’s book, Pride and Prejudice, wherein the character of Elizabeth Benne t, was shown as an example of how a woman can survive the challenges of a male-conquered society through her distinct brilliance, charm and intelligence. II. DISCUSSION The protagonist in Austen’s novel is Elizabeth Bennet. She is often described as an intelligent young, witty woman and, playful, though exhibiting sheer impertinence did not make her distasteful to others. Her family’s financial condition forced her to seek out a marriage for convenience. She remained the ideal woman of her time as she expressed her intention to marry for love. She was branded as one of Austen’s beloved heroines of all time. In the novel, Elizabeth was forced to conform to the prevalent social restrictions in place, which included a marriage for convenience. Elizabeth is then met the high and mighty, Mr. Darcy, who was enamoured by her simplicity and wit. However, society dictates that Mr. Darcy should marry a woman of aristocracy, beyond Elizabeth’s social class. This cir cumstance wounded her pride, and thus caused her to foster prejudices against Mr. Darcy. â€Å"Austen is regarded as an affirmative novelist. Positive values of good sense, kindness candor and restraint of egotistical impulses are exhibited by the characters in her novel. Morality is dominant in her written works, and does not consist in swallowing whole the values which society offers her, and her moral affirmations are always qualified by important critical or ironic reservations† (Nardin 3). This was exactly the purpose of Elizabeth’s character, unconventional and unafraid of the limitations imposed by society. She was envisioned as full of pride and her truthful

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant Essay

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant - Essay Example In spite of the opposition the bill was enacted and this led to some democrats pulling off from the party due to their disagreement. Through the Wilmot Proviso endorsement the Liberty party joined hands with President Martin and together they came up with A Free Soil party which was in support of the Wilmot Proviso bill. In the 1848 elections, the Wilmot Proviso’s terms were a definite challenge to proslavery groups; they were hence ignored by the Whig and Democratic parties but adopted by then Free-Soil party, which later became the Republican Party. They favored excluding slavery from new territories .It was through the bill that the currency was formed. The bill stated a provision of two million dollars ($2milllion) for the Mexican war. This led to the creation of the green paper which was used as a legal tender . For many years, arguments in support of and in opposition to slavery were debated in both churches and newspapers. The House of Representatives passed a rule threatening the discussion of slavery but this issue could no longer be avoided. Lawmakers in both the Senate and the House, the north and south, had to stand up and be

International marketing of Safari motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International marketing of Safari motors - Essay Example Advancement in technology including communication efficiency and better international relations has contributed to the promotion of the international trade. Competition has however become a great challenge to the success of international trade but most companies are rising to the challenge. To achieve greater investments and better market opportunities in the international market, it is necessary that primary and secondary market research is done to ensure that information regarding the country is achieved. (Hollensen, 2004) This paper will therefore look into the requirements and plans needed for a company (Safari Ltd) to enter market successfully. The main issues that will be addressed by the paper will be; marketing across borders, risks and opportunities that the company will face and country analysis using SLEPT and size of the Chinese computer manufacture market. Safari motors is computer manufacturing company in the United States located in Texas. This company offers a wide variety of products including the manufacture, assembly, and maintenance of computers. The company has risen from being a retailer of used computers to become one of the improved companies in the sector. It boasts of a financial base of $ 120Million. The company has been for the past two years getting recognition and that it believes it has met the needs for the domestic market and now it needs to explore the international market. Changing nature of international environment There have been many changes on the way international market environments have been behaving especially in terms of diversity. The international marketing environments are usually done through the use of a STEP or PEST analysis procedure. (Hollensen, 2004) This analysis is worth because it determines whether the organization will be fairing well or not. For the purposes of this paper we shall use SLEPT marketing tool to analyze the Chinese market China China is the fastest economically-growing country in the Asia currently and is considered to be very developed come the next decade. Accompanying a rapidly growing economy is the increase in environmental pollution and this pollution is contributed by foreign companies which have heavily invested in China. Currently it is number two economy in Asia. (Lee and Carter, 2005) Ready market With an increase in the economic growth rate of the Chinese economy, most sectors will require computers to improve on its technology and service provision. The manufacturing sector in Chinese has grown bigger in the last few years demanding more usage of the computer software and hardware. The introduction of internet and other communication services such as the mobile phone sector, has taken the country by storm. With an increase in the need for internet access, comes an increase in the need for computer hardware and software. A study conducted by Coopers limited (UK) in China has shown a rise in the need for internet among the Chinese urban population especially the youth. (Lee and Carter, 2005) SLEPT analysis This is an analyzing tool which is used to examine a business environment it stands for social, legal, economic, and political. Social Forces within the society such as media, family and friends have affected the way an organization sells its products. Most of the customers in china believe that products made from America are of high quality or low quality or any other

Black Americans Supported the Confederate Army Essay

Black Americans Supported the Confederate Army - Essay Example This section uses primary books and articles to explore the Black Americans’ support of the Confederate Army. America’s history of civil war is to a large part built by the African-Americans, who to a large extent were involved in the war. The Commonwealth Virginia, based on slavery, the black Americans featured a lot in the civil wars. Some of them were recruited into the Confederate army, pushing their counterparts to support the Confederate army. The black-Americans were inspired by the civil wars, an event that led to their deaths, such as that of Heyward Shepherd, in the civil wars. It is worth noting that the black-Americans involvement in the war and support of the Confederate Army was a way of seeking liberation1. The attacks carried out by the black-Americans in the army were for liberation, which they were very much determined to achieve. Heyward’s death in the liberation attacks was highly honored by the other Negroes. He was honored as a hero, and a monument erected in his honor by the sons of the Confederate and the daughters of the Confederacy2. The other reason for the Black-Americans’ support of the Confederate army was out of their working relationship with the military. A few of the Black-Americans worked in the army. They mainly worked as cooks, general labors, and teamsters. This drove the other large population, not in the army to support their fellow Negros working in the Confederate Army. They were concerned about each other’s welfare and had all the right intentions for their fellow black people.3   Right from the beginning, black men were allowed into the Confederate Army. They served in the Confederate Army with dedication so as to protect their families and communities.4   The civil war, however, weakened the lives of the Black-Americans in various ways.  

660 questions 11 and 12 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

660 questions 11 and 12 - Assignment Example s in exchange to the things of value, such as rewards, praise, resources or avoidance of disciplinary action; so that they move towards achieving the goals of both the leader and followers (Sashkin and Sashkin, 2003). The difficulties and complications associated with the present state of affairs are explained to the followers. Then, the leaders urge the followers’ value system for bringing about the change. Thus, an emotional bond between the two is formed in transformational leadership. Such bondage ensures long term success to the leader. However, transactional leaders do not address such emotional or personal issues of followers, but motivate them to achieve the required goals in return to a reward or in order to avoid punishment. The emotional bondage is missing and is based on the positional power and influence of leader. The efforts of leaders only gain short term benefits (Hughes and Curphy, 2012). Transformational leaders are visionary and are skilled in creating lasting impressions, thus, exhibit certain leadership capabilities. This clear expression or possession of leadership skills is not found in transactional leaders. Transformational leaders also help the followers draw up a link between the solutions to their individual setbacks and the organizational goals. In the course of leadership, the followers are encouraged to actively participate in the transformational processes and empowered to grow into leaders in future. In contrast, though the benefits accorded to followers motivate the latter to improve their performance, the resultant positive energy is not completely employed towards organization in the upcoming period, as the leaders are not skillful and visionary enough to make such an attempt (Hughes and Curphy, 2012). Both transactional and transformational leaders focus on leader and member exchange, be it the things of value in the former case or emotional exchanges in the latter form. Both the forms of leaders appeal to the needs of the

Black Americans Supported the Confederate Army Essay

Black Americans Supported the Confederate Army - Essay Example This section uses primary books and articles to explore the Black Americans’ support of the Confederate Army. America’s history of civil war is to a large part built by the African-Americans, who to a large extent were involved in the war. The Commonwealth Virginia, based on slavery, the black Americans featured a lot in the civil wars. Some of them were recruited into the Confederate army, pushing their counterparts to support the Confederate army. The black-Americans were inspired by the civil wars, an event that led to their deaths, such as that of Heyward Shepherd, in the civil wars. It is worth noting that the black-Americans involvement in the war and support of the Confederate Army was a way of seeking liberation1. The attacks carried out by the black-Americans in the army were for liberation, which they were very much determined to achieve. Heyward’s death in the liberation attacks was highly honored by the other Negroes. He was honored as a hero, and a monument erected in his honor by the sons of the Confederate and the daughters of the Confederacy2. The other reason for the Black-Americans’ support of the Confederate army was out of their working relationship with the military. A few of the Black-Americans worked in the army. They mainly worked as cooks, general labors, and teamsters. This drove the other large population, not in the army to support their fellow Negros working in the Confederate Army. They were concerned about each other’s welfare and had all the right intentions for their fellow black people.3   Right from the beginning, black men were allowed into the Confederate Army. They served in the Confederate Army with dedication so as to protect their families and communities.4   The civil war, however, weakened the lives of the Black-Americans in various ways.  

Destination Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Destination Marketing - Essay Example These DM initiatives in Vietnam have led to considerable improvement of tourist numbers with the number surpassing 5 million; this represents a 40% increase from 2009. However, Vietnam still lags behind other countries within the region for instance, Laos and Philippines which are smaller destinations. Vietnam marketers are also concentrated in promoting Vietnam as a cultural destination rather than focusing on other products like sports and eco-tourism which has gained much attention in the recent years. 1. INTRODUCTION Vietnam is the destination under focus and the country belongs to the greater Asia-Pacific tourism circuit. This report identifies the destination marketing organizations (DMOs) within Vietnam as well as giving a version of their structure and responsibilities. SWOT analysis is conducted to investigate the market’s competitiveness while also giving the challenges and constraints. Lastly, develop a two year marketing plan aimed at keeping the destination compet itive in a rapidly changing market place. We use the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism’s website to find information about their operations including their overall objectives, promotional activities; it also gives their structure and partner organizations in both private and public sector. This report analyses key destination markets while also gauging Vietnam’s competitiveness within the region; this assists in understanding trends of development in tourism industry while at the same time investigating threats and areas of opportunities that can be explored to improve performance in the succeeding 2 years. 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE DMO The major DMO is the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) which is an institution under The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism that is tasked with marketing key Vietnamese attractions (Kozak, Gnoth & Andreu 2009). In terms of structure, this authority is headed by a Director General who coordinates f unctions falling under the following departments: travel, hotel, finance, international cooperation, personnel organization and  tourism marketing departments (Schweyer, Pi?amme?tta?wat 2011). The following are the activities that VNAT is involved in: Planning This is a management function that indicates the process of formulating and organising all the activities needed to achieve desired ends. In the DMOs, planning determines how, when and who is going to carry out specific tasks within the tourism industry to promote brand Vietnam. DMOs plan on how to utilize both human and physical resources including finances and other government incentives to encourage growth and competitiveness. Business development This is a long term process that the DMO’s undertake in order to introduce new products as a response to changing customer tastes or tap into new markets. It is always accompanied by extensive research that interrogates the holistic tourism industry in Vietnam (Ritchie, C rouch 2003). Public relations They carry this out by managing information flow between the government and tourism stakeholders. This is in an effort to maintain a favourable image of Vietnam in order to keep the tourists coming in. Vietnam has had a history of conflicts and human rights violations but these DMO’s have tried to market the new face of Vietnam through the internet and

The Integrative Nature of Psychology and Music Essay Example for Free

The Integrative Nature of Psychology and Music Essay Creativity, while it is recognized and valued by many, means different things to different people.   Artists, musicians, and poets are considered to be creative individuals because their products are creative.   Art works are valued for their novelty, beauty, uniqueness, and a host of other qualities that are considered to reflect creativity.   Scientists who discover a new medicine or cure are considered creative.   Young children who have created a finger painting or a poem are praised for their creativity.   Often proud parents will even excuse perverse behavior traits in their offspring by saying, â€Å"he is just being ‘creative’. †Ã‚   Creativity is a part of everyday life as much as eating is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, creativity is a concept that is difficult to define with specific measures and parameters.   For the purposes of this discussion, the author provides theories on creativity in terms of psychological concepts.   Freud’s (1952) psychoanalytic technique seems to be the prerogatives of art.   The creation of a meaning for a patient’s random acts resembles literary creation.   In both psychiatric interpretation and artistic creativity meaning does not emerge fully clothed out of the raw material of incident and language.   Rather, from a first experience significance is gradually inferred and elaborated by a process of free association.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What links psychoanalysis and creativity is the notion of symbolic function.   Ricouer (1970) speaks of the symbolic function as meaning something other than what is said and therefore he defines a symbol as â€Å"a double meaning linguistic expression that requires an interpretation† (p. 9).   An interpretation is seen as a work of understanding that aims at deciphering symbols. Psychoanalysis is first and foremost a form of interpretation, hermeneutic that arrives at an understanding of the facts of mental life by regarding both dreams and neurotic symptoms as symbols to be analyzed.   Freud’s interpretation of dreams reveals the dynamics of the mental processes, the â€Å"strategies of man’s deepest desires and instincts†, and provides the paradigm for the analysis of all men’s cultural activities (Ricoeur, 1970, p. 162).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Freud the dream symbolism is not merely one device of the dreamwork; but rather provides the dreamwork with the material for condensation, displacement and dramatization.   These devices then, are all methods of disguise clothing the unconscious symbolic meaning.   This universal symbolism is not limited to dreams, but is to be found in fairy-tales, myths, legends, folklore, and also underlies all art, including music.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Dalhaus (1978), absolute music is historically rooted in the idea of an unspeakable sublime, in the idea that â€Å"music expresses that words are not even capable of stammering† (p. 63).   As a performer, composing or listening to some Western music is an experience of the sublime.   As with Freud’s dream symbolism, every music symbolizes something that requires interpretation.   Music, through which some of feelings of the musicians are expresses, is essentially a system of symbols.   Each symbol is equivalent to an event or an object; when these symbols are put together they give us a kind of an interpretation of the world. According to Langer (1957), the world of sentiments and emotions could also be expressed in a symbolic manner.   Music is, therefore, an alternative means of symbolic expression.   Elements of music, just as with dreams, do not contain in themselves fixed references to things, but rather a flexible system of symbols capable of expressing various complex feelings.   Through music, a composer can express ambivalent and contradictory feelings simultaneously.   With dreams which, as Freud explains, are disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes or desires of the dreamer.   Since the instincts hide themselves in dreams, interpretation is necessary to reveal them.   The same thing is true with music.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To illustrate this, Kivy (1991) Bach’s Prelude in C Minor from the first book of the Well-Tempered Clavier.   In referring to this piece he gives an â€Å"autumnal† interpretation, â€Å"the rustling sixteenth-notes figure, in both the right and left hands, that pervades the entire piece, represents the rustling of the dry autumn leaves in the cold October wind† (p. 206-207).   What is relevant is the meaning of the listener fins departing from musical experience and musical analysis.   Or at least that is what the listener thinks he does.   Perhaps this is the point which Kivy describes when the listener who obtains pleasure from absolute music without needing free associations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the most basic level, the interpretation of art is analogous to the interpretation of dreams, for art is based on the same universal symbolism of the unconscious.   The first assumption of a Freudian aesthetic then is that it is possible to analyze a work of art in order to reveal its hidden motivations in the same way as we unlock the secrets of the dream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weiss has extended and placed more emphasis on Freud’s analysis of the condensation of psychic energy that gives a minimum of pleasure in wit, and discovered that the spectator gets pleasure, at least in regarding a painting, from two kinds of perceptual economies, one quantitative and one qualitative.   The pleasure of perceptual economy which form affords is the pleasure of overcoming repression of archaic visual modes by sharing in the artist’s childish and primitive visualization (Shapiro, 1966).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, this pleasure does have the more noteworthy effect of contributing, in the form of a bonus, to the erotic, aggressive and cynical tendencies of the mind.   That is, the technique of wit, the use of puns, strange and funny combinations and the like, seduces us to enjoy those sadistic or obscene tendencies whose expression would repel us if it were not combined with the skillful technical creation of the joke itself.   In the same way, all the aesthetic pleasure we gain from the work of the imaginative writer is of the same type as this ‘forepleasure’.   Therefore, the true enjoyment of art proceeds from the release of unconscious tensions in our minds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Freud (1958), †¦the capacity of certain art forms to express and elicit emotions directly, that is, without reference to representational or symbolic images of drive related objects.   This is expressed in the idea that art forms are isometric with the forms of feeling and mood. (p. 11) According to this view, significant content could include those art elements and forms capable of effecting instinctual discharge through the relatively immediate arousal of affective states.   This seems to be particularly true of music.   The question – whether is it the work or the emotions the work arouses in us that conveys the powerful meaning of music – by saying that our emotions by themselves are the result of our interaction with the music.   They are the byproduct of the musical experience.   Music seems to create similar emotions and furthermore a similar meaning for different people.   People can all have different ways to express our subjective feelings and meanings of the music but at the same time relate to an object that has its own characteristics. Another such psychological concept is the psychology of perception.   The most influential theory of perception in the first half of the twentieth century was developed by the gestalt psychologists Kohler and Koffka.   In a series of experiments, they were able to demonstrate that inherent in the process of seeing is a natural tendency to bisect the visual field into two distinct areas, a significant figure and an insignificant ground.   They also maintained that it is impossible to hold within a single sweep of vision figure and ground simultaneously, focusing on one automatically excludes the other.    Even when perceiving the famous Rubin profiles, a series of diagram whose meaning is ambiguous because figure and ground are equally significant, attention is forced to centre on either the figure, so that a certain diagram will appear as the outline of two vases, or on the ground, in which case the same diagram appears as two faces in profile.   The apparent ambiguity in these visual counterchanges arises from the fact that either the figure or ground represents a coherent object but attention cannot perceive both meaning at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This mutually exclusive, ‘either-or’ structure of attention is found in aural phenomena as well, particularly in the perception of music in which a clear melodic line is distinguished from the harmonic matrix of chords in which it is situated.   Finally, the significant figures or forms spotlighted by attention tend to possess the properties of simplicity, wholeness, and coherence while at the same time eliminating any vague, incoherent or inarticulate structures from our perception (Ehrenzweig, 1965).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the study of philosophers, theorists, and musicians, aesthetics is no longer simply a â€Å"theory of nice feelings† (as Hegel put it) but a complex philosophy of art: it involves interpretation, criticism and reflection upon works of art.   A work of art, such as a symphony, has an existence, a history and a place that constitute it as the object of the aesthetic experience.   Having said that, psychoanalysis presents a new way of looking at things – not only at music or art.   It is in this way the departure point for an aesthetic revolution, in the sense of a new treatment of what we hear (and see) in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Musical works have represented an enormous value for each culture.   In psychoanalytic terms we can say that music generates a jouissance, which for many musicians and non-musicians alike becomes on occasion an experience of the sublime. References: Dalhaus, C. (1978). The idea of absolute music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ehrenzweig, A. (1965). The psychoanalysis of artistic vision and hearing. London. Freud, S. (1952). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York. Freud, S. (1958). The Moses of Michelangelo. In S. Freud (Ed.), On creativity and the unconscious. New York. Kivy, P. P. (1991). Sound and semblance. Cornell University Press. Langer, S. (1957). Philosophy in a new key. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Ricoeur, P. (1970). Freud and philosophy. New Haven. Shapiro, M. (1966). Leonardo and Freud: An art historical study. Journal of the History of Ideas, 17(2).

Negotiation styles

Negotiation styles Summary: First of all we will know what was the meaning of Negotiation Styles. The negotiation styles are nothing but the way of culture,behavior,skills of th people of different organizations. The negotiation styles are different for different people in different regions the negotiation styles of the people vary from one region to another region. In a international business organization If we go to another country and if we make decisions on our own we may able to give a bad decision in that country because the decision taken by our own was not more reliable than the decision of the people of that country hence the negotiation styles plays a key role in making in a better decision in international business organization. For example let us compare the negotiation styles of two countries in a international business organization. An England clothes manufacturer Peter England has found by researching that the the manufacturing of formals would save them up to 80 % on their cost of production of the same items produced in India.The company decided to send the England negotiators to india to make an agreement to make a best deal with Indians The planning and production manager hired me to give a advice to give a advice to his team to make a best deal with the Indians. I made a PEST and SWOT analysis of Indias macro and micro environments. This analysis shows me that Indian culture has unequal distribution of wealth and power. A personal relationship with Indians would help the team to run negotiation process easily and profitably. 1.1 Clients Description: My client of peter England is a clothes manufacturer who was one of the famous manufacturer in manufacturing the formal clothes. 1.2 Clients Description of Problem: The client has has arised a problem for me tthat â€Å"Our planning and production department had a research and found that if Peter England outsources the production of formal clothes in India to a third partywe can save upto 80% of the current costs of production of the this items. These savings include with the human resources cost and equipment maintenance, insurance of plant production and material, employees, transport etc. A negotiators team to be sent to India to make a discussion and negotiate on the cost of production of formal wears. It was necessary for the team of negotiators to fully understand the Indian culture. since the production margin of peter England in manufacturing the formal wear was been saved. The margin of the production of the product depends on the negotiators and the skills bring up by them. 1.3 What the Client requires of Me: The manager of the planning and production , Mc Farland approached me and asked me to give a suggestion to the team of negotiators to increase the margin of production of the product making a deal with the negotiators of India.The client also asked me to give a detailed information about the cultural differences between the England and India.He also asked me about the detailed description of the negotiation styles in India and how it is carried on the culture of India.So that it would help the team of negotiators in achieving their targets. 1.0 Overview of the situation The client had made a research and had had decided that he had a potential to save up to 80 % in manufacturing the formal clothes of his company Peter England. However the potential of savings in manufacturing the product depends on the team of negotiators who are being sent ot India. It is very important that they understand the Indian culture and market to get the best possible results.They should understand the values, interests, goals, ethical principles and assumptions of the Indian culture.Hence the success of the project depends up on the team of negotiators who must understand the ethics,culture of the Indians an their ability to compete with them for the best. The team of negotiators should have a SWOT analysis to understand the depth. I is also essential for the team to to have a PEST analysis in terms of its political, economic, social and technological issues and conditions in the Indian environment. 2.0 Analysis of the situation According to Moran and Stripp (1991), negotiation takes place when two or more parties have both common and conflicting interests and interact with one another for the purpose of reaching a mutually beneficial agreement. 3.1 PEST analysis: PEST is the acronyms for Political, Economic, Social and Technological. This analytical tool is used by companies to analyse the overall environment or the macro environment of a country and industry before entering into business with them. 1. Political The political environment of India is quite safe. It is the policy of Indian government to facilitate western companies to invest and outsource their operation to India. The negotiators must have an in depth knowledge of Indian laws and regulation regarding foreign investors. 2. Economic Indias economic condition is also good. It is rapidly becoming the hub for investment from western world in south Asia. Indian Rupee has gained strength in the recent times which shows that the market is growing and gaining strength. Also the difference between the US dollar and Indian rupee will enable the client to pay handsomely to the manufacturers in India and yet keep their costs low because 1 US dollar is worth 50 Indian Rupees (approximately). This would help in getting the loyalty of India manufacturers. 3. Social The Indians are highly inspired and influenced by the Americans. The Indian society is quite acceptable of western cultures. There is also a tendency of psychological inferiority on part of the Indians as the Indian sub continent has been ruled by the westerners (British) for a hundred years. The negotiators might like to take advantage of these facts and talk the Indian team into their required results. However, they need to remember that in order to make best use of their visit, the team must get in friendly terms with the Indians. This can only be achieved through socialising outside office hours. These social events might include going to restaurants, bars, clubs etc together. Also, the negotiators should be able to see beyond the role of Indian negotiators and should be able to find out the hidden interests and priorities of their counterparts. 4. Technology Indian is on its way to becoming the main technology hub of the east. High quality and latest technology of all sorts is available in India. Any machinery required for the production plant can be obtained from India or otherwise can be imported from China at low cost. 3.2 SWOT analysis SWOT is an acronym for strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Here, SWOT analysis is used to analyse the micro environment in India. 1. Strengths The Indian society is open and friendly towards the westerners. The government has made laws to support foreign investors The negotiators being westerners will have a psychological edge over their Indian counterparts. Beauty Expressed Inc. will be able to pay attractive amounts to the Indian manufacturers and yet keep their cost low due to the difference in the two currencies. Also India is famous for its high quality fabric and low cost productions. 2. Weakness The Indian culture is very different from the US culture and therefore their negotiating styles and ways are much different from each other and work on entirely different variables from each other. For example, in the Indian culture, it is more important to secure a good relationship with the other partyeven if you have to losesomething. Whereas, in the US culture, getting the most out of the deal is more important than keeping the other party happy. 3. Opportunities The client would be able to save huge amounts due to the availability of low cost labour in India. 4. Threats There can be potential delivery issues as deadlines are considered flexible in the Indian culture where as they are considered absolute in the US culture. In addition to this, the US negotiators might not be able to achieve their targets if they fail to understand the variables working behind the attitudes of Indian negotiators. 3.3 Overall Analysis: In order to understand the Indian culture so that the appropriate negotiation style and technique can be adopted, we would use Hofstedes Five Cultural Dimensions. Hofstede calculated the cultural dimensions of many countries which can be accessed on his website in the form of graphs. We will use these to analyse the Indian culture. 1. Power Distance Index Hofstedes Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.(www.clearlycultural.com) As the figure 1 shows that PDI for India is 77 against a world average of 56.5 (Fig 2) and that of US which is only 40. This indicates a high level of discrimination in Indian society with regard to power and wealth. 2. Individualism Individualism means the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. (www.clearlycultural.com). Figure 1 one shows that the IDV for India is at 55 against that of US at 91 and a world average at 50. This shows that the Indian culture is inclined more towards collectivism rather than individualism. 3. Masculinity Masculinityrefers to the distribution of roles between the genders in a culture. (www.clearlycultural.com)India has Masculinity as the third highest ranking Hofstede Dimension at 56, with the world average just slightly lower at 51(Fig 2) 4. Uncertainty Avoidance Index Uncertainty avoidance deals with a societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. (www.clearlycultural.com) UAI for India is 40(Fig 1) as compared to a world average of 65 (Fig 2). This shows that the Indian culture is open to new and unknown vistas. (Greet Hofstede Cultural dimensions, 2009) 5. Long-term Orientation Long-term Orientation deals with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance. Indias Long Term Orientation (LTO) Dimension ranks 61 against that of USA at 29 (Fig 1) in the graph, while the worlds average is at 48(Fig 2). This huge difference must be note as it shows how differently the two cultures operate. The Indians would concentrate more on building a long term relationship while doing business with another party whereas, the Americans would focus just on getting the job at hand done. The LTO score indicates that the culture is perseverant and parsimonious. ( http://www.geert-hofstede.com/) 4.0 Solutions and Recommendations A thorough analysis of the Indian culture, its comparison with the American culture and its SWOT and PEST analyses reveal that the Indian market is very suitable for outsourcing the manufacturing of T-shirts and trousers. In order to achieve their target, the team of negotiators must keep in mind the following. Choose the appropriate strategy by developing a personal relationship with their Indian counterparts. As we have seen that the Indians are more prone to concentrate on building a long term relationship, the negotiators should try to cash this attribute and ask for their required targets. Project the correct personal and organisational images. Study and understand the basic cultural differences and intelligently use this information. Ask the most relevant questions. These might be outside the business area but will help in making the process of negotiation smooth. Offer and request the appropriate types of concessions at the right time. Here the tendency of the Indian culture to develop long term relations again plays a vital role. Indian manufacturers can be very loyal and giving if they are promised a long term partnership ie, the negotiators should capitalise on the long term orientation of the Indian culture. Remain focused on their targets but show flexibility in order to achieve them. This would ensure a smooth and fruitful negotiation. The team should try to impress and keep in hand the leader of the Indian negotiation team. This means that they should capitalise on the tendency of the Indian culture to respect and accept difference in power. Beauty Expressed Inc.s team should focus on a people oriented negotiation rather than a task oriented discussion. They should give more importance to the team lead of the Indian team. The negotiators should not adopt a sequential style of negotiation in fact they should adopt the holistic style of negotiation and deal with the problem as a whole. This implies that they should not try splitting the problem into parts. The negotiators should try to use a collaborative style and create a win-win situation. This would not only help them achieve their goals but would also help them create a long term relation with their Indian counterparts. 5.0 Forecasts and Outcomes The project of outsourcing manufacturing of T-shirts and trousers to an Indian company is feasible. However, the positive outcome of this project depends entirely on the success of negotiation between the team from Beauty Expressed Inc. and their Indian counterparts. This is possible if the team follows the above mentioned recommendations and be sensitive to Indian culture, its demands, dimensions and variables upon which it works.

The Good Earth And The Issue Of Respect :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of respect in The Good Earth is very different from what we consider normal today. People who do nothing to contribute to society get respect and those who would be undoubtedly respected today are ignored because of the traditions of Chinese filial piety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Good Earth we can see many instances where respectable people are seen as nothing and awful people are praised. O-Lan is a good example of someone who is not seen as important but is crucial to Wang Lung's rise to wealth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Wang Lung marries O-Lan she achieves a respectable position as the mother of three sons. But as time goes on, Wang Lung becomes rich and he loses his attraction for her and cruelly criticizes her appearance. He becomes obsessed with a prostitute named Lotus and then he buys her to be his concubine, completely forgetting all that O-Lan has done for him. When O-Lan falls seriously ill, Wang Lung deeply regrets his cruelty and sits by her bedside until she dies. Only when she dies does Wang Lung truly appreciate everything that O-Lan did for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wang Lung’s uncle is just the opposite. Wang Lung doesn’t really respect him, but he must act like he does because he is a relative from the older generation. Wang Lung must show him respect and give him support in difficult times, despite his contemptible nature. After the uncle moves his lazy family into Wang Lung’s house, Wang Lung gets to a point where filial piety isn’t even enough to make him bear his uncle’s freeloading. He demands that his uncle and his family leave his home. This is when his uncle reveals that he is a member of a band of robbers, so Wang Lung cannot make his uncle leave without fear of the robbers. His uncle is the one keeping the home safe from looters. The Good Earth And The Issue Of Respect :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of respect in The Good Earth is very different from what we consider normal today. People who do nothing to contribute to society get respect and those who would be undoubtedly respected today are ignored because of the traditions of Chinese filial piety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Good Earth we can see many instances where respectable people are seen as nothing and awful people are praised. O-Lan is a good example of someone who is not seen as important but is crucial to Wang Lung's rise to wealth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Wang Lung marries O-Lan she achieves a respectable position as the mother of three sons. But as time goes on, Wang Lung becomes rich and he loses his attraction for her and cruelly criticizes her appearance. He becomes obsessed with a prostitute named Lotus and then he buys her to be his concubine, completely forgetting all that O-Lan has done for him. When O-Lan falls seriously ill, Wang Lung deeply regrets his cruelty and sits by her bedside until she dies. Only when she dies does Wang Lung truly appreciate everything that O-Lan did for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wang Lung’s uncle is just the opposite. Wang Lung doesn’t really respect him, but he must act like he does because he is a relative from the older generation. Wang Lung must show him respect and give him support in difficult times, despite his contemptible nature. After the uncle moves his lazy family into Wang Lung’s house, Wang Lung gets to a point where filial piety isn’t even enough to make him bear his uncle’s freeloading. He demands that his uncle and his family leave his home. This is when his uncle reveals that he is a member of a band of robbers, so Wang Lung cannot make his uncle leave without fear of the robbers. His uncle is the one keeping the home safe from looters.

Workplace Promotion Research :: essays research papers

Workplace Promotion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to be promoted at work, it has always been said to put your best foot forward, strive to be the best, or always give 110%. Recent studies conducted by MSN, as well as references to books such as The Case for Marriage by Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher, state other influences can impact the chances of enhancing a career. The hypotheses made suggests that if you are too successful in your current position then you have less likely a change to be recognized for an advancement; married individuals seem to be happier in the workplace and tend to be more successful. Many individuals consider themselves hard workers and yet seem to be overlooked for promotions because they are too hard to replace. If these hypotheses are true, how can a single person elevate themselves within the company? Being visible by showing superiors you are reliable and on their team will increase the chances for a promotion. Working with individuals the supervisor is familiar with as well as showing you can be trusted are also important for moving up in the organization. A similar article in Career builder on MSN suggests that married individuals are favored by their employers and recognized for promotions. How can this be true? According to their study, married people have better mental health, live longer, and are 15% happier than single individuals. Married individuals are preferred over single individuals by employers since they tend to be happier, which leads to higher production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is difficult to fill a position of someone who is seen by the company as irreplaceable; individuals can easily be passed over for a promotion if they are superior in their current position.

Benefits of Studying Psychology Essay

Question / Topic: Some critics argue that there is no such thing as a psychologically whole person because everyone is fundamentally flawed. Hence, there should not be a need for learning Psychology in this world. What is your response to this? Introduction: What is psychology? The word ‘psyche’ means breath,spirit,soul and logia means study of. It is a scientific study of behavior and mental process. Psychology is all around us like the way people behave, talk and do things. It is an interesting field to learn and it helps in crafting us into a whole person. Thus, the communication skill with them is increased also. †¢A good example for this will be in the education field, where a teacher who needs to deal with children will benefit by learning how to engage in an interesting way of teaching to attract the attention of his/her students. Concluding Sentence: Therefore, we see clearly that a better understanding of human mind and thought process helps to add quality and depth to our relationships with people around us. Topic sentence : Apart from that, learning psychology creates stronger conflict and problem solving capability in a person. Most people tend to lose their mind and become nervous, emotional and unable to decide when a problem arises. This can be avoided by a person who learns psychology. †¢When a problem comes up, a person who has learned psychology can take time to evaluate the situation, evaluating every option available and not to rush thru decision. In other words, he can be logical and not emotionally driven t o make a decision. †¢Addition to that, psychology also teaches people to help empathize others and use the knowledge they have to bring harmony among others. Concluding Sentence: In a nutshell, psychology assists in solving problems and handling conflicts. Conclusion : These are the benefits of learning psychology. It is true that there is no one who is born into this world as a psychologically whole person, but a person can be cultivated into one. Learning psychology plays a major part in this. That is why it is also said as ‘the science of soul’. Understanding of human behavior and use of knowledge learned from psychology helps a person in many ways in their daily life. Thus, the need to learn psychology is indeed very important.

Higher Education Essay

Higher education is the key to new worlds. In past decades, college education was seen as a privilege which few had access to. Nowadays, it has become a culminating stage in people’s life. Higher education has proved that it has a monetary value, as the salary of a person with a college education is higher than that of a person with a high school education. Some people have sold the idea that a higher education is a waste of time and money, and that such education should only be offered to a limited group of people. However, what make these people believe they have the power to decide what others should do or not do with their lives? In my opinion, everyone should pursue a higher education because it would help to reduce monopolization of wealth and power, it would allow people to exercise their freedom and create more opportunities in their lives. Monopolization of wealth and power could be reduced by higher education. As long as the wealthy and powerful people keep the knowledge from those who are hungry of it, the economy will remain the same. As Linda Lee recalls from Caroline Bird: â€Å"College doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal or quick to learn new things. It’s the other way around. Intelligent, †¦people are attracted to college in the first place† (671). I believe higher education enables people to acquire new skills and develop their intellectual capacities and grow as individuals, and of course this represents a danger for those who prefer to maintain a monopolized power and wealth from others. On the other hand, I do agree at some point with Lee that college education is being wasted on today’s youth. I have seen how here in America people are more interest in the â€Å"college experience† than focus on their education. It might also be true that the rate of lack of interest in a college education nowadays is higher than those who attended college fifty years ago. However, I do believe that fifty years ago there were also people who went to college for other reasons than learning; who can as sures us that Lee at some point of her years as a college student was not immersed in the â€Å"college experience†. Even when there are cases where people do not have a choice whether go to college or not, for the rest of the people go to college is a decision that resides within themselves. I disagree with Lee that college should not be offer for everyone. She even attacked people with learning disabilities, people who might do their best to be at the same level than the rest of us. It is usually these types of people who achieve more goals than those with not learning disabilities. Coupled with Lee’s perspective, there are also people who see college as something out of their reach. As David Leonhardt said: â€Å"†¦.For those families on the fence-often deciding whether a student will be the first to attend-the skepticism becomes one more reason to stop at high school† (646). For many families with low incomes, a higher education for their children can be the key for a better future, an even when most of the college can be expensive, there are many other college that can allow these young people to achieve a scholarship and even a four years degree without spending a penny. Thus, there are also thousands of students who do not have clear which career they should pursue. It is not a surprise that many of them decided to change careers after one of two semesters or even a coupled years. I think that as long as they are doing what they feel passion for, there should be allow changing their minds. After all, we are humans and change and mistakes are part of our nature. A higher education can create more opportunities for people. College allows students gain experiences that will help them in and out of the classroom. In college there are no more teachers trying to help them to get a decent grade, students are expose to the real world were things come to those who seek them instead of waiting for things to come to them. Gary Gutting said:† â€Å"Students, in turn, need to recognize that their college education is above all a matter of opening themselves up to new dimensions of knowledge and understanding†(628). I believe that higher education not only allows the possibility of a better future, also allows the person to develop personal, intellectual and social skills that can be used in daily life. Among with this, a higher education can enable people to get better jobs and create a better life for themselves and their families. Those who obtained a bachelor’s degree can find better jobs than those who only have a high  school degree. Perhaps the economic situation does not change much for them but it can mean a significant change for future generations. Moreover, the opportunities can be better for people with a higher education. Trying to decide what people want for their future may be uncertain when they do not have idea of ​​what they want. However, a simple way to find the right path is by making mistakes and learning from them. Whether people abandon the medical school to become engineers, as long as they do what is right for them, this decision should not become an obstacle for others. We live in a free country and no one can stop us to be who we are meant to be.

The System of Electronic Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The System of Electronic Business - Essay Example Whereas supply chain management is relatively straightforward to define, e-logistics inspires varying definitions. E-logistics can be defined to be the mechanism of automating logistics processes and providing an integrated, end-to-end fulfillment and supply chain management services to the players of logistics processes. Those logistics processes that are automated by e-logistics provide supply chain visibility and can be part of existing e-Commerce or Workflow systems in an enterprise (Zhang 2008). On the other hand, in a commercial manifestation, UPS presents its e-Logistics service as the hosting of a virtual logistics department for other companies that then present this capability as their own, but leave UPS to run and manage it (Levy 2008). These viewpoints can be considered as two halves making a whole in the light of the case study that we have selected: UPS, the company under consideration applies e-logistics in Zhang's sense to its own internal operation and offers e-logistics as in Levy's description to its business customers. With regard to these definitions, e-logistics is a part of supply chain management in general, but not an obligatory part. Supply chain management may or may not include such e-enablement. However, in this paper, our goal is to investigate the situation when supply chain management does use the Internet either wholly or partially and in particular what advantages or disadvantages are conferred by e-logistics. If the supply chain business process relating to e-logistics is most natural that of order fulfillment, other processes that complete the picture are customer relationship management, customer service management, and demand management. These processes involve all of the major departments of a typical company which is those of quality, logistics, marketing and sales, production, R&D, and finance (National Research Council 2000). A common theme in works on supply chain management is the competitive advantage to be gained from a fully integrated supply chain. Integrating into a single supply chain is hailed as the deciding factor for companies that will now succeed or fail (Handfield & Nicolas 1999).