Sources of Measurement Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources of Measurement Error - Essay Example Essentially, this combining of theoretical with empirical, permits as well as justifies the use of measurement, and stringent observance of these rules, allows for better and more accurate methods for describing behaviors or in making predictions. These take on their specific meanings through the following and now widely used scales of measurement, namely, nominal ordinal, interval, and ratio. Classifications, which by using a system of numbers, find common consent among scientists. Here then, consensus must come over how these numbers represent different agreed-to values, in order to sensibly group, sort, or differentiate between data. These numbers are ordered: that is, 'one number is greater than, less than, or equal to another number'.i Differences connecting numbers create what is called distance between them, allowing for a scale of measurement, for example, by agreement that zero stands as the origin number, we might simply assign numbers to the above quotation. Thus, it is possible to state clearly and unambiguously that the number value one is less than the number value two, and the number value three is more than the number value two. One factor of abstract models, is their use in designing and performing studies that measure real-world variables

Healthcare Technology Essay Example for Free

Healthcare Technology Essay In such a short period of time we have seen the healthcare industry go from paper tracking to technological tracking. We continue to see healthcare care drastically each year. The article I am reviewing is an article put out by Forbes in the beginning of 2013. Even though we have seen the many transformations when it comes to technology and healthcare, this article touches on five, which I will talk about more here shortly. It is an amazing idea that potentially five years from now that we could be totally paperless in the healthcare world. Four years ago the IT departments of healthcare had a mere $343 million invested considering the potential of what was to come (Forbes, Lee 2013). Since then venture capitalists have tripled their investments into the health care IT and sunk $955 million (Forbes, Lee 2013). The article expresses that the federal government is even going to be sinking some major money into hospitals and medical offices to digitize health care. It all comes to a very good point mentioned in the article. â€Å"All of these VCs are now starting to put money into the space. And as we start getting some big wins, we’re going to see this accelerate,† said Aza Raskin, cofounder of Massive Health — a startup developing a mobile app to encourage healthier eating and other health-related tools — in an interview with Fast Company. â€Å"The smartest minds of our generation shouldn’t be working on getting us more addicted to Facebook or Twitter; they should be working on helpi ng us get — and stay — healthy† (Forbes, Lee 2013). What would people think when they are told that a machine helped their doctor figure out their diagnosis and the best possible treatment for them? Most will think it is absolute craziness, right? Funny that is brought up because researchers with the IBM corporation are currently developing a state of the art computer system that will take a doctors data and come up with the best possible outcome of a diagnosis would be for the patient. They are calling this major technological advancement Watson, and known to the medical field as Dr. Watson (Forbes, Lee 2013). This machine will be able to not only help assess the projected diagnosis of a patient, but also to keep tabs on a patients history, and allow the doctors to keep up with the latest and greatest abilities to treat patients. How often have we all been at work and have had to deal with someone that spoke a language we were unable to understand or speak for that matter? In the medical field it is  hard to track down one person i n a hospital that can speak Cantonese, Russian, German, Japanese, or many other languages that are less frequented in our day to day lives. Well, welcome Omnifluent Health! This product was developed by the Science Applications International Corporation, or the SAIC, to help with translation process in the healthcare field (Forbes, Lee 2013). This is a huge step considering doctors could just whip out there cell phones and ask a question into the microphone and get a quick translation. We would be able to break the language barrier between patients and healthcare workers. We have so many social media sites on the web now a days. Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Twitter, G Plus, and many others. That is how we stay connected to friends and family. Now physicians have a â€Å"physicians only† media site that will allow them to contact one another in regards to taking better care of their patients. It is called Doximity (Forbes, Lee 2013). The funding for the project is at $27 million currently (Forbes, Lee 2013). I hate to have to sit in an ER for hours on end in the middle of the night to be seen for a rapid asthma onset, or with a child running a high fever and vomiting just to be told that there are over the counter remedies available at the 24 hour big box retail giant less than 10 miles away. It would be nice to be able to pop into a chat, or call where I can talk to a healthcare professional about what is going on and have a response without having to get out of a comforting place, like home, and sit for hours in a cold ER waiting room. There is now a system that gives patients the opportunity to have a medical consultation via phone or online. It is a startup company out of New York City called Sherpaa (Forbes, Le e 2013). If you were to type in â€Å"diet apps† in your Google Play Store tons of apps would pop up that are there to help you count calories, track weight loss, track exercise time and calories burned, and so on and so forth. One that the article talks about it Fitbit. It is a pedometer that tracks the sleeping patterns and activities of a person (Forbes, Lee 2013). Another one it talks about is Lark. Lark is a silent alarm clock and sleep monitor that tracks and analyzes the quality of sleep a person gets over time (Forbes, Lee 2013). In this day of technological advances there is no surprise at the countless ones that are in place in regards to the health care industry. With the amount of change from paper charting to digitized charting methods, egg timers on when med  pass is compared to computer pop ups, from easy access to patients meds to secured sign in procedures to acquire the meds, and from sitting in a waiting room for countless hours on end to picking up your phone and making a quick call is all proof that it has been time for a change in medical technology for a long time now. We are entering a new time for health care and to some, it is the era of Health 2.0 (Forbes, Lee 2013) References Lee, Ellen (2013). 5 Ways Technology Is Transforming Health Care. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bmoharrisbank/2013/01/24/5-ways-technology-is-transforming-health-care/

The Dream of Oenghus :: essays research papers

The Dream of Oenghus The Celtic myth, "The Dream of Oenghus," relates the tale of Oenghus the Celtic god of love and his long search for true love. Oenghus is the son of Boann and Daghdhae. Boann the white cow goddess, and Daghdhae the father of all gods, the "good god." In a dream Oenghus sees "the loveliest figure in Ireland†¦" His memory of this vision makes him ill with loneliness and he begins to waste away. With the help of his mother, and another of his fathers' sons, Bodhbh, he begins his search for the girl he dreamt of. When, after years, he successfully completes his search the lovers' travels to Bruigh Mac, his home. Chronologically and geographically distant, Apuleius second century record of the original Greek myth of Cupid and Psyche also relates a story of amorous pursuit. In Apuleius account Psyche is the most beautiful of all mortals. "The fame of her surpassing beauty spread over the earth†¦Ã…’and men? would even say that Venus herself could not equal this mortal." Out of jealousy, Venus commands Cupid to make Psyche fall in love with "the vilest and most despicable creature in the whole world." However, dispatched on his errand Cupid is astonished by her beauty and "as if he had shot one of his arrows into his own heart" falls completely in love with her. Cupid dumbfounded by the love he suddenly feels carries Psyche off. Although Psyche is never able to gaze on Cupid she is confident of the love her unseen paramour expresses in the dark each night. Eventually, prompted by her unbelieving and somewhat envious sisters she lights a lamp and discovers that her lover is Cupid. Unfortunately, Cupid hurt by both the oil sputtering from the lamp and her faithlessness fees. Psyche deeply grieved by her lack of faith and subsequent loss of love pledges to search for Cupid forever. "I can spend the rest of my life searching for him. If he has no more love left for me, at least I can show him how much I love him." Eventually after many trials and tribulations, largely at the inspiration of the still jealous Venus, she is reunited with Cupid and comes to live the live of the immortals. These myths share a common fundamental theme. In both instances, the myths document a love between a mortal and a god. Moreover, both of the courtship's involve long periods of separation, difficult and desperate journeys in pursuit of the beloved, and deep ongoing uncertainty as to the ultimate outcome of the fat of the lovers. Clearly, it is not unreasonable to contend

The Breast Cancer Information Gap :: essays research papers

This article is about the risks of breast implants and breast cancer. The author believes that people making decisions to have breast reconstruction need to be well informed before they make the choice. The risks of breast implants include pain, breakage, leakage, and links to many other diseases. There are two types of breast implants. There are saline and silicone. Both of them have outer silicone shells but one is filled with saline and the other silicone. The FDA didn't look at the hazards of breast implants until 1991. They realized that leakage of silicone could be harmful and insisted on restricting the use of silicone implants. In 1999, there were versions of saline implants that were approved by the FDA to be "safe" Silicone breast implants are said to feel more natural, yet the saline implants are safer in case of rupture. It is not really known that saline implants have their fair share of risks. Seventy percent of patients will experience at least one of the fol lowing four problems: pain, hardness, infection, or rupture within the first 3 years of the surgery. The most common problem is Capsular Contracture. This occurs in thirty-five percent of women who get either saline or silicone implants. In a Capsular Contracture the scar tissue tightens around the implant causing the breast to be hard, misshapen, and painful. All breast implants are going to eventually break anytime between three months and ten-fifteen years. Twenty-five percent of women with implants have them removed within three years following the surgery due to leakage or breakage. When a saline implant breaks, the saline leaks out really fast. The saline is absorbed by the body and the deflated implant will need to be surgically removed. On the other hand, when a silicone implant ruptures it is a bit more of a mess. Silicone tends to be sticky, so it can be hard to impossible to completely remove all of it. When an implant breaks, there could be pain, bumps, tenderness, tingling, and even numbness in her breasts. Sometimes, there can be what is called "silent rupture" where the gel slowly migrates to other parts of the body.

Corporal Images

First and foremost, it is of dire importance to draw a distinction between appearing to be ethical and actually using ethical considerations. There has been an attempt by several corporations to appear to be ethical. In these instances there has only been an effort to reach an immediate goal of prosperity. Of course this will work in the short run but in a sophisticated society â€Å"fake† will not survive. With the advances in technology and the increase of information, we as a community are becoming better informed. It is only a matter of searching and gathering the facts to make the decisive decision of proceeding with a certain company. In current times the line dividing truly ethical considerations and appearing to be ethical are becoming much easier to distinguish but in several cases are still unclear. In practice ethical considerations lead to a decrease in friction within the public domain. In other words, less conflict will arise between private individuals and corporations when ethical behavior is being be experienced. For corporations, social conflict takes place when behavior is seen as wrongful or unethical but in actuality is perfectly legal. Many times this leads to calls for boycotts from churches or other organizations. Whether the public demonstrates in front of the gates, charitable organizations set up wailing walls, or the media uses pressure through critical reporting, this will mean a definite loss in social recognition of the company in question. Kathy Lee Gifford fell victim to the media a couple years ago when her clothing company was caught abusing child labor laws in factories abroad. Whether this leads to a fall in the share price or there is a measurable loss in sales are of secondary importance. Criticism â€Å"from the outside† generally means that the management role is taken up with defensive activity and therefore not free for the shaping of the future. In the Kathy Lee Gifford case and as in many other cases, the issue faded and disappeared with time. Many economist have said that the most intelligent corporations forbid dealings that could provoke negative social reactions. On the other hand , there is steady increase in evidence that shows a corporation's â€Å"image† can become a competitive advantage when used as a tool of propaganda. This method of approach can in some circumstances be used to gain market advantages as it did for a local fast food chain in California. Jack in the Box was convicted of not entirely cooking their hamburgers which in turn was infecting children with salmonella poisoning. Due to the conviction and the attention from the media, the fast food restaurant was put under strict regulation. In other words, the new enforcement of regulation was a safeguard against the consumption of salmonella. Many individuals saw this as a benefit and as a result wanted to eat at Jack in the Box. This can be a positive market advantage where a corporation gains the attention from negative issue but can in the long run gain a larger market. Another example practiced in the Unites States, is where a number of companies that are not only environmentally exemplary but go beyond the minimum legal requirements. Other costs can arise through conflict with one's employees. The fact that a company is the focus of public criticism can have disastrous results for morale and job satisfaction within a corporation. In the long-term, this can lead to valuable employees looking for other work and leaving the corporation. This can be a detriment when a business is trying to establish itself as reliable As employees are a corporation's most valuable â€Å"capital†, this alone is reason enough why unethical conduct cannot lie in a corporation's interests. Various studies have shown a positive correlation between ethical conduct in a corporation and job satisfaction. Where top management is seen as giving strong support for ethical consideration, job satisfaction increase together with the degree of employee identification with the corporation. Everything points to the conclusion that a positive reciprocal relationship exists between â€Å"job satisfaction† and â€Å"ethical conduct†. The ethical considerations of a corporations play a role in the entirety of value systems, thought and decision patterns, methods of behavior, and structures within a corporation that often emanates a feeling of togetherness and thus boosts motivation to work. The role of the corporation within the community can also reinforce an employees behavior. A business that has been plagued with a negative reputation or considered to be â€Å"unethical† within the neighborhood could lower the morale of its employees. On the other hand, behavior that prompts customers to buy and motivates investors to purchase shares is looked upon with pleasure and pride can also reinforce employees' positive identification. A great example of this can be recognized in San Diego, California. Qualcomm in recent years has become one of the most prominent and successful companies among customers and its community. Not only does this corporation hold a large majority of San Diego employment but it also holds the name of the stadium. Its reputation within the city has given the employees a sense of pride for whom they are working. What Jakob Burckhardt formulated for individuals can also be applied to corporations: they are not just what they are, but also what hey have set themselves as ideals. Even if they do not emulate these to their capacity, a part of their being is marked by the mere fact of wanting to. There are a number of indications that show corporations whose practice ethical conduct are considered as more attractive employers than those which have been publicly criticized due to failure to recognize their responsibilities to the welfare of the community and the environment. A poll taken from Business Week revealed that 88% regard â€Å"work satisfaction†, 67% a â€Å"good working atmosphere†, and 66% a â€Å"job that makes sense† as important criterion in choosing an employer. These are all factors which can hardly be true of companies where Green peace demonstrates in front of the factory gates or churches call for a boycott. Corporations are now no longer measured on what hey produce, but on what they present. The strength of many trends can instantly change at the blink of an eye, especially when the labor market spreads hopelessness for those seeking a career. But an increasing number of individuals, whether as employees or consumers, are taking ethical viewpoints more seriously that 10 or 20 years ago. The next question we should ask ourselves is, why has this happened. Why are we as a society increasing our ethical considerations with corporations? One answer that was stated before is with the increase of information, we as a society are becoming more knowledgeable of our decisions. We are enabling ourselves to make more â€Å"ethical† decisions based on the whims of a corporation. Many of those with responsibility in corporations are complaining about an increase in an already too thick jungle of laws, stipulations, and directives. Commercial freedom, the complaint goes on, can no longer exist within the ever narrower thread of state regulations – too many rules endanger the economic success. There is a great deal of evidence that such complaints have set forth the idea that â€Å"less state† can have an enlivening effect on corporate commitment. Freedom is, however, always an ethical duty and may thus be demanded on only as a correlate of responsibility. Anyone who wishes to help avoid further criticism and correct inappropriate behavior must offer legitimate proof of ethically responsible conduct. Back to the example of fast-food restaurant, Jack in the Box, in order to continue serving the public they were required to prove they cooking their meats to full capacity. They had to provide evidence of corrected demeanor as well as compensation. Ethically responsible corporate dealings mean dealings beyond the status quo, active shaping, and forward-looking ethical balance. Minimal will not do in a society whose wants and needs are infinite. A corporation must not only meet but exceed regulations. Whoever maintains a running battle on current law to defend positions that might have been based on a regulations many years ago but which are now regarded as â€Å"wrongful† and will be even more so in the future, is not being business like but negligent. Such companies that support those social forces will demand tighter controls and more state intervention. Innovation, efficiency, effectiveness, the ability to utilize market potential optimally, recognize the signs of the times, and the art of saving costs and expense in the right place at the right time will continue to be of great importance alongside all the other corporate virtues. However, an additional element will gain in significance: business ethics. It will become more and more a new, solid basis for competitive ability, breaching the limits of classical markets. The more wealthy a society is, the more significant non-material values become. Corporations that act in a visibly ethical way will be preferred by informed consumers more and more. This will become a problem for those corporations that ignore moral aspects, and for other it will be an opportunity to get to the very top.

In the film Romeo and Juliet Essays

In the film Romeo and Juliet Essays In the film Romeo and Juliet Essay In the film Romeo and Juliet Essay In the film Romeo and Juliet, we see Shakespeares talents captured amazingly by Luhrmann, he takes the original and re-reveals it to enable the people of today to experience the romance for themselves in the style of a modern film. This film targets a wide audience; Lurhmann cleverly allows variety of different themes to widen his variety of different people. He provides a continuos supply of intensity for anyone experiencing it. The people of the modern world can easily adapt to this, in all its aspects of love, conflict, tragedy, and romance. The film echoes recognisable genres, but to make it more conventional to the modern audience he brings, action scenes, modern music, and it blends in with Shakespeares world.Firstly Lurhmann introduces where the film is set, this introduction comes across very powerful and dramatic which emphasises what is later to come. We are now informed of where the film is set, as setting creates the atmosphere and plays a crucial part in the film itself. What better place than fair Verona the country of such Romance but also existing conflict between the two gangs. This reinforces Romeos life, as we know its full both of love and hatred. We are intrigued to this film because of its strong message conveyed at the opening scene, the quick bold images that appear on the screen have such effect. Lurhmanns cleverly done this purposely to receive and capture our full attention, also to increase our eager minds wanting to watch the film.The ballroom scene is one of the most important scenes, as this is where Romeo and Juliets eyes met and the falling of love took place. Lurhmann cleverly uses costume to reflect the individuality of each character. We can see this technique being used for example Romeo and Juliets simplicity of their costumes; they reflect the garishness of the party. Romeo is wearing sliver armour, dressed as a knight we have the perception of Romeo being heroic, and owns loyal, honourable characteristics. Juliets outfit is a simple plain white gown with angel wings that signify her innocence. The white symbolises her purity and even a subtle reference to imminent death. Lord Capulet is dressed as a well-known powerful leader; he is a Tyrant rule with aggression and violence. This character is very much like Lord Capulets, a dominating figure and extremely aggressive. Lady capulets figure is also the well known Cleopatra, lady capulet relates to this character, as her characteristics are very similar to Cleopatras, a self obsessed woman very egotistical and only interested on keeping up her appearances. Tybalts costume creates excellent contrast with the remaining guests at the party, as his costume contains red devil horns, red glitter obviously a conflict maker this differs to the purity of the capulets. This threatening personality contrast with the good perception we have of the hero Romeo.Another scene, which seems very significant, is the way Romeo and Juliet meet. Its a private scene therefor e it seems very meaningful and comes across as a very strong message about the danger for these star-crossed lovers to be together. Use of silence between the two main characters conveys the struggle to come when trying to disguise their relationship in fear of their lives. Also use of cinematography helps Lurhmann to create this intensity and determines the importance of their painful, unacceptable love. He creates this effect by use of close ups indicating clearly their feelings for one another, these close shots reinforce the emotional intensity they share between eachother. We are constantly reminded about the barriers in Romeo and Juliets relationship with use of the fish tank separating them from physical contact.Finally to end this scene we see their own simple world contrasted with rest of the party, good camera work is used here to reinforce the brash, loud, vibrant location, compared to their world of love and romance.Lurhmann cleverly uses camera shot skills throughout th e film, which helps show true feeling within different individuals involved in the scene. He shows how this works when he manipulates camera shots to reinforce fine detail of the atmosphere between characters. For example when Juliet defies her father, here Lurhmann introduces our; the audiences feelings, we have sympathy for Juliet as her father is aggressive with her. We feel for Juliet at this stage, as we are able to see her fear of her fathers violence is being acted upon her. There is a sense of victimisation here, and the viewer picks up on it almost immediately, this emphasises our intimidation of Lord Capulet, as he continues to threaten Juliet. Jerky shots help this scene portray the violent, aggressive Father Juliet has. Instantly we see how fearful Juliet is of this man, Lurhmann cleverly uses camera shots to enhance this fear and also makes the camera go on Juliets side. With shots often used looking up to Lord Capulets face, and at times the camera pans out to leave us with the shot of Lord Capulet overpowering Juliet this helps showing the relationship between them.Good visual imagery is used later on to show the audience more characteristics about Juliet, we see Juliet in her room by herself. This scene seems peaceful, soft, placid, and reinforces that angel like image we have of Juliet. We see colours surrounding her mostly blue and White this suggests that just like the Virgin Mary Juliet also shares the same qualities of purity, religion, and innocence. We can clearly see from this scene that Juliet is not embarrassed of who she is, her wealth and religious values.Luhrmann introduces mise en scene to us in the next important scene. This has a great impact from the way that the scene is portrayed to the viewer. We have a better understanding thanks to the props and arrangement of actors. The scene is set on Verona beach, at the start of this scene we dont suspect the action, which is quick to come. This is because the scene starts off with a relaxed laid back atmosphere, and then our understanding is influenced by havoc turning up; the Capulets. Everything kicks off and we understand whats going on because of Lurhmanns clever technique to capture our full attention so our understanding of the story is clear. A fight breaks out and takes place on a stage on Verona beach. At first this seems out of place, but Luhrmann has purposely done this to evoke our curiosity, it reminds us of the original Lurhmann goes back to the basics to blend in this clever idea with Shakespeares world. We immediately relate to this because of our common knowledge of the original being set as a play on a stage. Straight after this a storm breaks out this is significant because we know how fiendish they feel towards each other. The atmosphere of wind and rain reinforces the conflict to come between the two families.Lurhmanns editing is sophisticated. He tries out putting different scenes and images together rather than having one scene. This rein forces the plot using different sequences not necessarily in chronological. An excellent example used by Lurhmann of montage is when Friar Lawrences feelings are conveyed. This is the scene where he reacts dramatically to the planned marriage. There are a number of images we see that symbolise what Friar Lawrence is feeling, we see a scared heart which bursts into a firework, this tells us that he knows there is a love between Romeo and Juliet, but also knows of a danger. The wired fence we see reminds the audience of the separation between the two lovers. Lurhmann cleverly uses a white dove to symbolise purity and Juliet. He focuses on both montages; the capulets shaking hands reflects friendship. This entire well put together images gives us a range of ideas about Friars decision and his discomfort about the marriage. We can see that montage expresses many feelings that characters can not say or act out, so this is an excellent way of expressing them.A powerful tool used creating background conversation, voices, and special effects is sound. Lurhmann cleverly manipulates sound in each scene to enhance mood and atmosphere. Sound is essential to target his wide audience. An example of sound being used well is when Romeo and Juliet first meet and a love song is sung in the background, this reinforces atmosphere of romance and emphasises the deep love between the two.Lurhmanns film was highly successful and a massive break out for all romance, comedy and tragedy lovers. He successfully reached his ambitions. The main reason Baz Lurhmann decided to go ahead and make the film was to retell what Shakespeare had already done years and years ago and release a fantastic romance to todays modern audience. We adapted so well to this new film because it reflected the fact of an all rounded film, and we can also relate to the inspiration Lurhamnn once felt in the making of the film. I have many opinions about the film but to conclude my perception of this brilliant releas ed version, I would say that hes reached his ultimate goal of recapturing Shakespeares qualities and the magic of this film. He should be proud of letting his audience experience something with such deep meaning and such a powerful message to todays modern world.

History of Police Essay Example

History of Police Essay Example History of Police Paper History of Police Paper History of Police History of Police The role of police officers is very significant to American history. Police work toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America become the land of the free. The United States of America is built from the U. S. Constitution Bill of Rights and police play a major role in making sure American rights are met. Evolution has changed many of American history for the better; policing is part of those changes. As new issues in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based on the British model. Law enforcement was not organized until 1200 A. D. offenders were pursued by an organized posse. If offenders were caught they were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely did they have trials and instead of innocent until proven guilty it was the other way around, citizens were usually guilty before any evidence or testimony. â€Å"An early form of police patrol in English cities and towns† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153), is called a night watch. The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thieves. Next became the day watch their job was the same as night watch, but in the day. Followed by the Statute of Winchester which is a â€Å"law, written in 1285, that created a watch and ward system in English cities and towns and that codified early police practices† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 153). This law had four main components, which were specified the watch in towns, mandated eligible men to serve, institutionalized the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty citizens kept weapons in their homes. A former prime minister of England Sir Robert Peel formed the world first modern police force. His model, the new police became a model for police across the world to follow. He formed the police with more of a military attitude; given them uniforms and a better organized structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American police are based on today. New technology and social reform for policing happened in the twentieth century. This brought about the first woman police officer. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios was also developed, which helped police officers in a major way. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve bigger areas. Radios allowed better communication between police officers. Telephones allowed better communication between officers and civilians. Teddy Roosevelt help promote the first call box system, which is compared to the 911 system used today; also he helped organize the FBI, one of the most famous government agencies. The history of policing is divided into four periods. The political era (1840s-1930) was the first, police agencies were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians. The second era (1930s-1970s) police were more concerned with solving traditional crimes. Today the third period is used in contemporary policing, which deal with community policing. Last is the homeland security era, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack. All levels of law enforcement agencies have devoted more time and effort for homeland security after the attack. A variety of police agencies to enforce the law is created by local, state, and federal law enforcement. Federal law enforcement agency is â€Å"A U. S government agency or office whose primary functional responsibility is to enforce federal criminal laws† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 161). The FBI is one of the most famous in federal law enforcement, but federal law has many agencies in several departments that deal with issues with America. The FBI has changed over time, dealing with current issues in American history. Once they protected Americans from organized crime, the FBI protected against international espionage, and defended American civil rights when those issues were the most important at the time. Today the FBI focuses on homeland security after the September 11, 2001 attack. â€Å"The Mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats; to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States; and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 162). State law enforcement agencies were created for specific needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with patrol state highways. The second model creates two separate agencies and makes a clear distinction between traffic enforcement and other state level functions. The duties of the modern state police agencies are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate identification bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up their role in homeland security since September 11, 2011. They are more involved in training, looking for suspicions vehicles on highways, communicating with the federal and local police to fight terrorist attacks The third level of law enforcement agencies are at the local level. City and county agencies are part of the local level, which includes police chiefs and sheriffs. Mayors or city council appoints the city police chief. Their jurisdictions are limited to the boundary of their communities. Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play a big role in the new era of homeland security. â€Å"They must help prevent attacks and respond when attacks occur, offering critical evacuation, emergency medical, and security functions to help stabilize communities following an incident† (Schmalleger, 2009, p. 203). Local police are important when dealing with homeland security because they are always talking and interacting with the public. Police are constantly patrolling neighborhoods, so they can notice certain changes that could harm the community. With each generation Americans have advanced in technology, experience, and knowledge. Police benefit from historical development, police continue to change and grow as the world does the same. Police have changed over the years but police will not change their main goal, which is to protect and serve the public. Police are very important to American society in all levels local, state, and federal each with an individual purpose, but the goal is justice for all citizens. Law enforcement main focus will always change because when one crime is deterred and under control another crime may be America biggest threat. Some of American issues were organized crimes, civil rights, but since September 11, 2001 homeland security has been the focus of our law enforcements to make sure citizens are protected. This will be accomplished by new laws, technology, and a team effort including civilians, which will add on to the history of our brave men and women. Reference Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed. ). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. 2007. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions. GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies: A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Polic ing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163. doi:10. 1350/pojo. 2010. 83. 2. 490